block that doesn’t have a parent block (or it is unknown). </strong>These blocks were created in earlier versions of the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/buy-bitcoin-btc/" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noindex noopener\"><strong>Bitcoin</strong></a> core software when network nodes could accept blocks even if they didn't have any information about their parent blocks. </p>\n<p>However, orphaned blocks can’t be created anymore on this blockchain after the release of Bitcoin Core v.0.10. Though the term “orphaned block” is still used to refer to a valid block that gets discarded from the main blockchain.</p>\n<p>How does that happen? When two distinct <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-miner/">
miners transmit their legitimate blocks almost at the same time, the network splits into two competing copies of the blockchain until one of the blocks is detached. <strong>As a general rule, the longest chain wins over and the other one is abandoned</strong>.</p>\n<p>When this happens, even though both blocks are verified and legitimate, only one of them can stay on to the main chain, which results in the creation of an orphaned block.</p>\n<p>Now, because miners are constantly creating new blocks, there are a lot of cases when blocks are transmitted onto the network at the same moment. Since the network is decentralized, the transfer of information about these cases between nodes might take a long time. </p>\n<p>Thus, sometimes one group of nodes might decide to validate one block while another group might decide to validate another. This would essentially create two different versions of the same blockchain (this process is called a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-fork-blockchain/">
fork)./n
By factoring in propagation delay and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-block-time/">block time</strong></a>, blockchain developers can limit the number of orphans. <strong>However, if the decentralized platform has a long propagation delay and a short block time, an orphaned block is likely to emerge</strong>.</p>","level":"easy","meta_title":"What is Orphaned Block (Orphan)? 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Assets?","featured_image_id":6542,"status":"published","chapter_id":7,"language":"en","order":5,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/how-to-get-free-crypto","featured_image":{"id":6542,"uuid":"4fceb9ab-391e-4ef9-b00d-c871a49878a3","public_url":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/storage/media/how-to-get-free-crypto.o.jpg","path":"crypto/storage/media/how-to-get-free-crypto.o.jpg","original_path":"crypto/storage/media/how-to-get-free-crypto.jpg","name":"how-to-get-free-crypto.o.jpg","original_name":"how-to-get-free-crypto.jpg","title":null,"alt":null,"width":768,"height":478,"disk":"spaces","status":"uploaded","readable_file_size":"93.93KB"},"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-arbitrage-crypto","title":"What is Crypto Arbitrage: The Main 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Crypto?","featured_image_id":11394,"status":"published","chapter_id":7,"language":"en","order":7,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/what-is-fud","featured_image":{"id":11394,"uuid":"defd32c5-d3e1-4e66-9f58-e2ee316bad3a","public_url":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/storage/optimized/what-is-fud-featured-image.jpg","path":"crypto/storage/optimized/what-is-fud-featured-image.jpg","original_path":"crypto/storage/original/what-is-fud-featured-image.jpg","name":"what-is-fud-featured-image.jpg","original_name":"what-is-fud-featured-image.jpg","title":null,"alt":null,"width":1024,"height":576,"disk":"spaces","status":"uploaded","readable_file_size":"65.30KB"},"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"investing-in-cryptocurrency","title":"Investing in Cryptocurrency: How to Manage Your 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About","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":2,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/best-technical-analysis-indicators-for-crypto","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"what-is-candlesticks","title":"Technical Analysis: What are Candlesticks, Trendlines, and Patterns?","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":3,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/what-is-candlesticks","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-track-new-crypto-coins","title":"Crypto Tracking: How to Track Your Favorite Coins & Tokens?","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":4,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/how-to-track-new-crypto-coins","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-research-crypto","title":"Crypto Research Fundamentals & Social Signals: Your Daily Trading Strategy","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":5,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/how-to-research-crypto","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null}]},{"id":9,"title":"Mining","slug":"mining","updated":false,"chapter":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters/learn-crypto-mining.jpg","chapter_simple":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters-simple/crypto-mining-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[]},{"id":10,"title":"Crypto Terms","updated":false,"chapter":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters/crypto-101-glossary.jpg","chapter_simple":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters-simple/crypto-glossary-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":["A","B","C","D","E","F","G","H","I","J","K","L","M","N","O","P","Q","R","S","T","U","V","W","X","Y","Z"]}],"nextSection":{"id":572,"original_id":null,"author_id":41,"translator_id":null,"title":"What is On-Chain Governance?","slug":"what-is-on-chain-governance","section":"O","keyword":"On-Chain Governance","status":"published","definition":"a decentralized framework used to organize change the underlying protocol of a blockchain network.","content":"<p><strong>On-chain governance</strong> is a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-decentralization/">decentralized framework that allows the users of a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-blockchain/">blockchain network to vote on any <strong>updates</strong> or improvements of the underlying <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-protocol/">protocol. Rather than relying on a centralized authority, many blockchains have delegated communities that manage the processes of protocol enhancements and fixes.</p>\n<p>Blockchain governance is responsible for making two types of decisions:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The underlying rules of the protocol in the code</strong>;</li>\n<li>The economic network incentive system.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The process of governing a blockchain is complicated due to its decentralized structure. On-chain governance is frequently used in distributed <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-cloud/">cloud-based systems to meet the agility needs and guarantee that the resources are appropriately allocated.</p>\n<p>DFINITY networks use <strong>proprietary AI systems</strong> alongside on-chain governance principles to distribute computing power throughout its network of companies and applications that connect to the same cloud architecture.</p>\n<p>Digital currencies like Tezos (XTZ) or Decred (DCR) apply on-chain governance by allowing the user base to vote on the vision of the platform, as well as make changes to the protocol that can improve user and developer experience.</p>\n<p>On-chain governance is one of the cornerstones of <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-are-decentralized-autonomous-organizations-dao/">decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)</strong></a>. DAOs act as <strong>community-run platforms</strong>. Members hold <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-governance-token/">governance tokens</strong></a> that they can use to decide on the rules of the protocol and have a direct impact on the development of the product.</p>\n<p>Some cryptocurrencies, like <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/buy-bitcoin-btc/">Bitcoin (BTC)</strong></a>, use <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-off-chain-governance/">off-chain governance</strong></a> methods, which do not provide the same level of flexibility for investors that on-chain governance offers.</p>\n<p>In on-chain governance, three mechanisms are in play – <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-consensus/">consensus, <strong>incentive</strong>, and information.</p>\n<h3>Consensus</h3>\n<p>Consensus means that the members of the network can directly vote based on the principles of democracy. All decisions, updates, and changes are made on the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-distributed-ledger/">distributed ledger</strong></a> protocol. By voting, users can implement improvements to the blockchain system without an intermediary.</p>\n<h3>Incentive</h3>\n<p>Following the principles of <strong>incentive</strong>, users and developers can promote changes that may positively affect the performance of the protocol for their sake but negatively impact others. Such changes can include reduced transaction costs. Miners can suggest changes that may increase the block rewards they receive for their job.</p>\n<p>Incentives may be favorable only to the parties suggesting the changes and can cause issues to the network in the long run.</p>\n<h3>Information</h3>\n<p>Information provided in on-chain governance systems must maintain transparency. Some of the advantages to on-chain governance are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Effective decision-making</strong> thanks to decentralization. No one person has more power over the network than the rest;</li>\n<li>On-chain governance offers more transparency as all network users have access to the code and can see what changes are being made;</li>\n<li>On-chain governance helps prevent <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-hard-fork-blockchain/">hard forks</strong></a>, which may occur if the interests of some stakeholders clash with other organizations.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Users that hold governance tokens and are part of the protocol management process may receive certain incentives to encourage further participation.</p>","level":"medium","meta_title":"What is On-Chain Governance? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"On-Chain Governance meaning: On-Chain Governance - a decentralized framework used to organize change the underlying protocol of a blockchain network.","meta_keywords":null,"language":"en","created_at":"2022-03-24T13:24:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-05-13T14:32:23.000000Z","preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-on-chain-governance"},"prevSection":{"id":568,"original_id":null,"author_id":42,"translator_id":null,"title":"What is Operating System (OS)?","slug":"what-is-operating-system-os","section":"O","keyword":"Operating System (OS)","status":"published","definition":"a software program that manages the resources of a computer.","content":"<p>Operating System (OS) is a <strong>software program</strong> that manages the resources of a computer and allows communication between programs and computer hardware.</p>\n<p>In the past, there were no operating systems. Thus, every computer program had to include all of the code needed<strong> to run the program</strong>, connect it to the hardware, and show the actual function of the program. Therefore, computer programs were difficult to create and too complicated to operate. Not to mention the fact that each piece of software could only <strong>run on the computer for which it was created</strong>. However, operating systems were created to change that.</p>\n<h2>Functions of Operating Systems (OS)</h2>\n<p>There are various functions conducted by OS in order to achieve specific objectives. These objectives include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\">Memory Management</span>. To run a process, it must first be loaded into the main memory where it will be executed. The <strong>memory is released after the process is finished</strong> and it can be used for other things. Thus, managing memory via allocating and deallocating it for the processes is the responsibility of the OS.</li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\">Process Management</span>. <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-central-processing-unit-cpu/">CPU (one of the resources managed by OS) usually has <strong>a number of processes in the ready state</strong> at any given time. A processor, on the other hand, can only manage one process at a time. Thus, a CPU uses various techniques to ensure that operations have constant and uninterrupted access to resources. These techniques include <em>first-come, first-serve, round-robin, shortest job first, priority scheduling</em>, and so on.</li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\"><strong>File Management</strong></span>. Every computer has its own set of files, folders, and directory structures. The OS of the computer maintains and manages all of these. To keep track of the information of these files, a File Allocation Table (FAT) is used. The FAT <strong>keeps track of every detail of the file</strong>, including its name, size, type, and so on. Besides, the OS is also responsible for ensuring that the files are not opened by unauthorized people.</li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\">I/O Device Management</span>. There are various <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output/" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noindex noopener\"><strong>I/O devices</strong></a> in a system. Diverse procedures require access to these devices, however, the processes <strong>should not access these devices directly</strong>. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the OS to manage access authorization of I/O devices.</li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\">Virtual Memory</span>. When the application's size surpasses the main memory, the OS is in charge of loading just the most frequently used pages <strong>into the main memory</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Most Popular Computer Operating Systems (OS)</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Microsoft Windows – the most popular and frequently used operating system on computers. It runs on PCs and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible/" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noindex noopener\"><strong>IBM-compatible</strong></a> systems.</li>\n<li>macOS – <strong>Apple's</strong> main operating system, which runs on both desktops computers and laptops.</li>\n<li>Linux – an open-source operating system that can be installed on PCs and IBM-compatible systems. It is used to generate a variety of Linux distributions, including <strong>Debian</strong>, Ubuntu, Slackware, and Red Hat.</li>\n<li>Chrome OS – the operating system that is pre-installed on <strong>Google Chromebooks</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Mobile Device Operating Systems (OS)</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Android – the most widely used OS of the majority of well-known smartphone and tablet brands, except Apple.</li>\n<li>iOS – the OS of Apple smartphones and tablets.</li>\n</ul>","level":"medium","meta_title":"What is Operating System (OS)? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Operating System (OS) meaning: Operating System (OS) - a software program that manages the resources of a computer.","meta_keywords":null,"language":"en","created_at":"2022-03-24T09:03:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-05-13T14:32:23.000000Z","preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-operating-system-os"},"currentChapter":"O","currentSection":"what-is-orphaned-block-orphan","chapterTitle":"O","readingLevel":"easy"},"url":"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-orphaned-block-orphan","version":"cdd198d50cbe5c9c21c9329d7c096ffc"}" class="container-fluid d-flex crypto-book p-0"> Crypto Terms: Letter O
What is Orphaned Block (Orphan)?
Orphaned Block (Orphan) MEANING:
Orphaned Block (Orphan) -
a valid block that is not a part of the central blockchain and has no parent block.
Let's find out Orphaned Block (Orphan) meaning, definition in crypto,
what is Orphaned Block (Orphan),
and all other detailed facts.
An orphaned block (an orphan, stale block, or detached block) is a block that doesn’t have a parent block (or it is unknown). These blocks were created in earlier versions of the Bitcoin core software when network nodes could accept blocks even if they didn't have any information about their parent blocks.
However, orphaned blocks can’t be created anymore on this blockchain after the release of Bitcoin Core v.0.10. Though the term “orphaned block” is still used to refer to a valid block that gets discarded from the main blockchain.
How does that happen? When two distinct miners transmit their legitimate blocks almost at the same time, the network splits into two competing copies of the blockchain until one of the blocks is detached. As a general rule, the longest chain wins over and the other one is abandoned.
When this happens, even though both blocks are verified and legitimate, only one of them can stay on to the main chain, which results in the creation of an orphaned block.
Now, because miners are constantly creating new blocks, there are a lot of cases when blocks are transmitted onto the network at the same moment. Since the network is decentralized, the transfer of information about these cases between nodes might take a long time.
Thus, sometimes one group of nodes might decide to validate one block while another group might decide to validate another. This would essentially create two different versions of the same blockchain (this process is called a fork).
By factoring in propagation delay and block time, blockchain developers can limit the number of orphans. However, if the decentralized platform has a long propagation delay and a short block time, an orphaned block is likely to emerge.
