CPU (one of the resources managed by OS) usually has <strong>a number of processes in the ready state</strong> at any given time. A processor, on the other hand, can only manage one process at a time. Thus, a CPU uses various techniques to ensure that operations have constant and uninterrupted access to resources. These techniques include <em>first-come, first-serve, round-robin, shortest job first, priority scheduling</em>, and so on.</li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\"><strong>File Management</strong></span>. Every computer has its own set of files, folders, and directory structures. The OS of the computer maintains and manages all of these. To keep track of the information of these files, a File Allocation Table (FAT) is used. The FAT <strong>keeps track of every detail of the file</strong>, including its name, size, type, and so on. Besides, the OS is also responsible for ensuring that the files are not opened by unauthorized people.</li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\">I/O Device Management</span>. There are various <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output/" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noindex noopener\"><strong>I/O devices</strong></a> in a system. Diverse procedures require access to these devices, however, the processes <strong>should not access these devices directly</strong>. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the OS to manage access authorization of I/O devices.</li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #169179;\">Virtual Memory</span>. When the application's size surpasses the main memory, the OS is in charge of loading just the most frequently used pages <strong>into the main memory</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Most Popular Computer Operating Systems (OS)</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Microsoft Windows – the most popular and frequently used operating system on computers. 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Reality","featured_image_id":6411,"status":"published","chapter_id":6,"language":"en","order":14,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/what-is-the-metaverse","featured_image":{"id":6411,"uuid":"fad79626-bbf1-4fc0-9e99-bde5597c1bc7","public_url":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/storage/media/what-is-metaverse.o.jpg","path":"crypto/storage/media/what-is-metaverse.o.jpg","original_path":"crypto/storage/media/what-is-metaverse.jpg","name":"what-is-metaverse.o.jpg","original_name":"what-is-metaverse.jpg","title":null,"alt":null,"width":768,"height":478,"disk":"spaces","status":"uploaded","readable_file_size":"88.15KB"},"youtube_video":null}]},{"id":7,"title":"Trading & Investing","slug":"trading-and-investing","updated":null,"chapter":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters/learn-crypto-trading.jpg","chapter_simple":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters-simple/crypto-trading-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[{"slug":"where-to-trade-crypto","title":"Where Can You Trade Cryptocurrencies?","featured_image_id":10342,"status":"published","chapter_id":7,"language":"en","order":1,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/where-to-trade-crypto","featured_image":{"id":10342,"uuid":"0bd8d78a-9423-48ee-9161-34dc1872b97c","public_url":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/storage/optimized/where-to-trade-crypto-featured-image.jpg","path":"crypto/storage/optimized/where-to-trade-crypto-featured-image.jpg","original_path":"crypto/storage/original/where-to-trade-crypto-featured-image.jpg","name":"where-to-trade-crypto-featured-image.jpg","original_name":"where-to-trade-crypto-featured-image.jpg","title":null,"alt":null,"width":1024,"height":576,"disk":"spaces","status":"uploaded","readable_file_size":"85.96KB"},"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-invest-in-crypto","title":"Investing in Crypto: What Investing Options Do You 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Risks?","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":7,"language":"en","order":8,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/investing-in-cryptocurrency","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto","title":"What is a Rug Pull in Crypto?","featured_image_id":6532,"status":"published","chapter_id":7,"language":"en","order":9,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto","featured_image":{"id":6532,"uuid":"be8043fb-078c-4487-9af9-d2d9c2b574ea","public_url":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/storage/media/what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto.o.jpg","path":"crypto/storage/media/what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto.o.jpg","original_path":"crypto/storage/media/what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto.jpg","name":"what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto.o.jpg","original_name":"what-is-a-rug-pull-in-crypto.jpg","title":null,"alt":null,"width":768,"height":478,"disk":"spaces","status":"uploaded","readable_file_size":"92.28KB"},"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-avoid-rug-pulls-in-crypto","title":"How to Spot and Avoid Rug Pulls?","featured_image_id":6555,"status":"published","chapter_id":7,"language":"en","order":10,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/how-to-avoid-rug-pulls-in-crypto","featured_image":{"id":6555,"uuid":"80cbed9d-3b4b-45d9-9a85-d2d8108c0f32","public_url":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/storage/media/how-to-avoid-rug-pulls.o.jpg","path":"crypto/storage/media/how-to-avoid-rug-pulls.o.jpg","original_path":"crypto/storage/media/how-to-avoid-rug-pulls.jpg","name":"how-to-avoid-rug-pulls.o.jpg","original_name":"how-to-avoid-rug-pulls.jpg","title":null,"alt":null,"width":768,"height":478,"disk":"spaces","status":"uploaded","readable_file_size":"111.99KB"},"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-avoid-crypto-taxes","title":"The Key Legal Techniques of Avoiding Crypto 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About","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":2,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/best-technical-analysis-indicators-for-crypto","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"what-is-candlesticks","title":"Technical Analysis: What are Candlesticks, Trendlines, and Patterns?","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":3,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/what-is-candlesticks","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-track-new-crypto-coins","title":"Crypto Tracking: How to Track Your Favorite Coins & Tokens?","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":4,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/how-to-track-new-crypto-coins","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null},{"slug":"how-to-research-crypto","title":"Crypto Research Fundamentals & Social Signals: Your Daily Trading Strategy","featured_image_id":null,"status":"published","chapter_id":8,"language":"en","order":5,"modified_content":null,"preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/how-to-research-crypto","featured_image":null,"youtube_video":null}]},{"id":9,"title":"Mining","slug":"mining","updated":false,"chapter":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters/learn-crypto-mining.jpg","chapter_simple":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters-simple/crypto-mining-101.jpg","rating":80,"sections":[]},{"id":10,"title":"Crypto Terms","updated":false,"chapter":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters/crypto-101-glossary.jpg","chapter_simple":"https://assets.bitdegree.org/crypto/assets/crypto-book/chapters-simple/crypto-glossary-101.jpg","rating":100,"sections":["A","B","C","D","E","F","G","H","I","J","K","L","M","N","O","P","Q","R","S","T","U","V","W","X","Y","Z"]}],"nextSection":{"id":569,"original_id":null,"author_id":42,"translator_id":null,"title":"What is Orphaned Block (Orphan)?","slug":"what-is-orphaned-block-orphan","section":"O","keyword":"Orphaned Block (Orphan)","status":"published","definition":"a valid block that is not a part of the central blockchain and has no parent block.","content":"<p><strong>An orphaned block</strong> <strong>(an orphan, stale block, or detached block) is a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-block/">block that doesn’t have a parent block (or it is unknown). </strong>These blocks were created in earlier versions of the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/buy-bitcoin-btc/" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noindex noopener\"><strong>Bitcoin</strong></a> core software when network nodes could accept blocks even if they didn't have any information about their parent blocks. </p>\n<p>However, orphaned blocks can’t be created anymore on this blockchain after the release of Bitcoin Core v.0.10. Though the term “orphaned block” is still used to refer to a valid block that gets discarded from the main blockchain.</p>\n<p>How does that happen? When two distinct <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-miner/">
miners transmit their legitimate blocks almost at the same time, the network splits into two competing copies of the blockchain until one of the blocks is detached. <strong>As a general rule, the longest chain wins over and the other one is abandoned</strong>.</p>\n<p>When this happens, even though both blocks are verified and legitimate, only one of them can stay on to the main chain, which results in the creation of an orphaned block.</p>\n<p>Now, because miners are constantly creating new blocks, there are a lot of cases when blocks are transmitted onto the network at the same moment. Since the network is decentralized, the transfer of information about these cases between nodes might take a long time. </p>\n<p>Thus, sometimes one group of nodes might decide to validate one block while another group might decide to validate another. This would essentially create two different versions of the same blockchain (this process is called a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-fork-blockchain/">
fork)./n
By factoring in propagation delay and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-block-time/">block time</strong></a>, blockchain developers can limit the number of orphans. <strong>However, if the decentralized platform has a long propagation delay and a short block time, an orphaned block is likely to emerge</strong>.</p>","level":"easy","meta_title":"What is Orphaned Block (Orphan)? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"Orphaned Block (Orphan) meaning: Orphaned Block (Orphan) - a valid block that is not a part of the central blockchain and has no parent block.","meta_keywords":null,"language":"en","created_at":"2022-03-24T11:16:34.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-09T14:41:51.000000Z","preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-orphaned-block-orphan"},"prevSection":{"id":567,"original_id":null,"author_id":41,"translator_id":null,"title":"What is On-Chain?","slug":"what-is-on-chain","section":"O","keyword":"On-Chain","status":"published","definition":"cryptocurrency transactions done on the main blockchain.","content":"<p><strong>On-chain transactions</strong> are completed and recorded directly on the main <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-blockchain/">blockchain and shared with the rest of the network participants. The blockchain network is a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-distributed-ledger/">distributed ledger</strong></a> that acts as a shared decentralized database.</p>\n<p>Each new on-chain transaction has to be verified and written in a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-block/">block using <strong>consensus algorithms</strong>. If the transaction data is considered valid, the new block is added to the end of the chain.</p>\n<p>On-chain transactions that are logged in the blockchain can also be viewed on the distribution and public ledgers of the network. On-chain transactions have to be validated and authenticated by <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-miner/">miners, <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-validator/">validators, or other entities assigned to verify transaction data.</p>\n<p>The miners must reach an agreed number of confirmations before an on-chain transaction can be confirmed. This process takes time and may be delayed due to network congestion or due to an increased volume of transactions <strong>needing confirmation</strong>.</p>\n<p>On-chain transactions differ from <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-off-chain-transaction/">off-chain transactions</strong></a>, which use a <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-layer-2/">second-layer protocol</strong></a> and are not recorded on the main blockchain. Off-chain transactions can be completed faster and with <strong>lower transaction costs</strong> than on-chain before they are finalized and sent to the blockchain network for validation.</p>","level":"easy","meta_title":"What is On-Chain? Definition & Meaning | Crypto Wiki","meta_description":"On-Chain meaning: On-Chain - cryptocurrency transactions done on the main blockchain.","meta_keywords":null,"language":"en","created_at":"2022-03-24T07:56:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-05-13T14:32:23.000000Z","preview_url":"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-on-chain"},"currentChapter":"O","currentSection":"what-is-operating-system-os","chapterTitle":"O","readingLevel":"medium"},"url":"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-operating-system-os","version":"cdd198d50cbe5c9c21c9329d7c096ffc"}" class="container-fluid d-flex crypto-book p-0"> Crypto Terms: Letter O
What is Operating System (OS)?
Operating System (OS) MEANING:
Operating System (OS) -
a software program that manages the resources of a computer.
Let's find out Operating System (OS) meaning, definition in crypto,
what is Operating System (OS),
and all other detailed facts.
Operating System (OS) is a software program that manages the resources of a computer and allows communication between programs and computer hardware.
In the past, there were no operating systems. Thus, every computer program had to include all of the code needed to run the program, connect it to the hardware, and show the actual function of the program. Therefore, computer programs were difficult to create and too complicated to operate. Not to mention the fact that each piece of software could only run on the computer for which it was created. However, operating systems were created to change that.
Functions of Operating Systems (OS)
There are various functions conducted by OS in order to achieve specific objectives. These objectives include:
- Memory Management. To run a process, it must first be loaded into the main memory where it will be executed. The memory is released after the process is finished and it can be used for other things. Thus, managing memory via allocating and deallocating it for the processes is the responsibility of the OS.
- Process Management. CPU (one of the resources managed by OS) usually has a number of processes in the ready state at any given time. A processor, on the other hand, can only manage one process at a time. Thus, a CPU uses various techniques to ensure that operations have constant and uninterrupted access to resources. These techniques include first-come, first-serve, round-robin, shortest job first, priority scheduling, and so on.
- File Management. Every computer has its own set of files, folders, and directory structures. The OS of the computer maintains and manages all of these. To keep track of the information of these files, a File Allocation Table (FAT) is used. The FAT keeps track of every detail of the file, including its name, size, type, and so on. Besides, the OS is also responsible for ensuring that the files are not opened by unauthorized people.
- I/O Device Management. There are various I/O devices in a system. Diverse procedures require access to these devices, however, the processes should not access these devices directly. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the OS to manage access authorization of I/O devices.
- Virtual Memory. When the application's size surpasses the main memory, the OS is in charge of loading just the most frequently used pages into the main memory.
Most Popular Computer Operating Systems (OS)
- Microsoft Windows – the most popular and frequently used operating system on computers. It runs on PCs and IBM-compatible systems.
- macOS – Apple's main operating system, which runs on both desktops computers and laptops.
- Linux – an open-source operating system that can be installed on PCs and IBM-compatible systems. It is used to generate a variety of Linux distributions, including Debian, Ubuntu, Slackware, and Red Hat.
- Chrome OS – the operating system that is pre-installed on Google Chromebooks.
Mobile Device Operating Systems (OS)
- Android – the most widely used OS of the majority of well-known smartphone and tablet brands, except Apple.
- iOS – the OS of Apple smartphones and tablets.
