smart contract mechanism</strong></a> that is caused by an external transaction. An external transaction is transmitted from an <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/buy-ethereum-eth/">Ethereum (ETH)</strong></a> account into a smart contract.</p>\n<p>Smart contracts are <strong>blockchain-based protocols</strong> used to verify contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. They are developed to be self-executing and business-automated and act without the involvement of any third party or central authority.</p>\n<p>In the Ethereum ecosystem, smart contracts act like <strong>computer programs that manage the ETH balance</strong> and perform crypto transactions. Transactions completed via smart contracts are traceable on the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-blockchain/">blockchain and cannot be reversed. They are sent to Ethereum accounts known as <strong>EOAs</strong> &ndash; externally owned accounts. Most EOAs are privately owned.</p>\n<p>Smart contract interactions with Ethereum accounts automatically trigger preset procedures which cause byproducts known as internal transactions. A single <strong>interaction between an EOA and a smart contract</strong> can sometimes trigger hundreds of internal transactions. Such transactions are value transfers that take place during a token transfer or a smart contract activation.</p>\n<p>Smart contracts are required for certain Ether and token transactions. Such transactions <strong>show up on the main ETH transaction history</strong> as internal transactions and are not publicly visible. Transactions act as an event that alters the state of the Ethereum chain, as they write new data into the blocks rather than processing it.</p>\n<p>There are various triggers to a state change on the Ethereum blockchain. However, <strong>transactions are the most common</strong>. Transaction information is generally transparent, i.e., visible to the blockchain network, and developers can use address activity notifications to track crypto transfers and inform users about the executed transactions.</p>\n<p>Unlike regular transactions, internal ones do not come with a cryptographic signature and are stored <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-off-chain-transaction/">off-chain. Attempts to store internal transactions <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-on-chain/">on-chain require more gas and are <strong>rarely executed</strong>. Internal transactions are used exclusively to transfer Ether, which has a direct effect on the balance of the wallet address.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>There is little information on internal transactions as they occur. Therefore, users may be unaware that their wallet or smart contract was <strong>involved in an internal transaction</strong>.</p>\n<p>The process of tracing internal transactions is slow and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-central-processing-unit-cpu/">CPU-intensive. It requires a lot of energy from the <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-node/">network nodes</strong></a>, which can lead to some of them <strong>breaking and impacting the overall node data</strong>.</p>\n<p>The nodes also restrict the tracing process to a limited number of <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-block/">blocks, usually around 30 minutes worth of blocks. This means that users that wish to trace an internal transaction must <strong>act fast</strong> to collect relevant information about the internal transaction in question.</p>\n<p>The traced results can require a massive amount of storage space, which complicates the retrieval process. Given the amount of time, processing power, and <strong>nodes</strong> required for the procedure, tracing an internal transaction is only possible for a limited number of blockchain users.</p>","level":"medium","meta_title":"What is Internal Transaction? 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A large variety of devices &ndash; from smartphones and computers to smart fridges and even some toys &ndash; can be connected to the internet and <strong>learn to interact with each other</strong> via data transfers, forming the IoT network.</p>\n<p>Internet of Things is a growing research field in multiple aspects, from the development of new network-friendly devices to the analysis of the relationship between humans and technology. The network offers an <strong>immense amount of use cases</strong> in a number of industries, such as healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, and energy, among others.</p>\n<p>According to some predictions, the number of IoT devices worldwide is expected to reach 75 billion by 2025, growing nearly four times from 20.4 billion in 2020.</p>\n<p>A smart home device such as Alexa can connect to the internet to <strong>form personalized profiles of users</strong>, and collect data on shopping preferences that can be passed on to Amazon or third-party retail providers. It can also connect to smartphones or gaming consoles, thus increasing its data pool and building the network further.</p>\n<p>Although the connection of IoT with the crypto industry&nbsp;is limited, maintained primarily via <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-mining/">mining equipment and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-hardware-wallet/">hardware wallets</strong></a>, some cryptocurrency projects have been developed with the functionality of the IoT in mind.</p>\n<p>One of the largest IoT-adjacent projects is <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"https://www.bitdegree.org/crypto/buy-iota-miota/">IOTA, an open-source <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-distributed-ledger/">distributed ledger</strong></a> that aims to create a blockchain supporting duty-free <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-microtransaction/">microtransactions and regular transactions, thus allowing IoT devices to share value alongside data.</p>","level":"easy","meta_title":"What is Internet of Things? 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Institutional investors are considered the &ldquo;elephants&rdquo; in the stock market as they have a <strong>strong influence over the prices</strong>. They trade in massive <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-volume/">volumes of assets daily, thus having a direct impact on the market price.</p>\n<p>The role of institutional investors in the market has grown immensely over the past few years. They account for roughly 70% of the trading volume in nearly all asset classes. They <strong>do not put their own money</strong> into the trading but use the investment portfolios of their clients to make a profit.</p>\n<p>The position of institutional investors was reinforced by the changes in the market structure, which saw the introduction of quantitative and <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-algo-trading-algorithmic-trading/">algorithmic trading</strong></strong></a>. Institutional investors can manage several funds at the same time, thus acting as vehicles of pooled investments.</p>\n<p>Institutional investors are able to manage teams that analyze market shifts and trends to determine when the right time to invest is. Unlike retail investors that are exposed to more <strong>investment risk</strong>, institutional investors have better experience handling their financial instruments.</p>\n<p>In many cases, institutional investors hire sell-side analysts who provide them with valuable data such as <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-consensus/">consensus estimates. This helps them to&nbsp;<strong>make investment decisions that are focused on long-term improvements</strong> of the portfolio value.</p>\n<p>The trade volumes of institutional investors are so massive that they can affect the price discovery mechanism and the overall market growth. The pooled money that the investors bring into the market is <strong>critically important</strong>.</p>\n<p>Institutional investors are seen as reliable, as in many cases, they are legal entities and, therefore, more likely to comply with laws and regulations. They have good market experience, are <strong>not as risk-prone as retail investors</strong>, and have good handling over the timing of their <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-stop-loss-order/">stop-loss orders</strong></a>, which minimizes possible losses.</p>\n<p>There are six main types of institutional investors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Banks &ndash; banks are able to invest in bonds, private equity funds, and other assets on behalf of their clients; this includes commercial and central banks;</li>\n<li>Credit unions &ndash; financial organizations that allow members to purchase shares at predetermined rates. The members also act as owners of the organization and share the profit;</li>\n<li><strong>Hedge funds</strong> &ndash; pooled investments that rely on strategies to help minimize competition and maximize leverage. They act as pooled investments where the manager plays the role of the general partner, and the investors act as limited partners. Hedge funds trade liquid assets;</li>\n<li>Insurance companies &ndash; organizations that trade the pooled premiums acquired from their clients for health or property coverage. The investment portfolio compensates the claims;</li>\n<li>Mutual funds &ndash; diversified investment companies. A manager is responsible for the investment pool. Each investor holds ownership of differing share percentages by contributing to the fund;</li>\n<li>Pension funds &ndash; investment pools that receive contributions from private and public sponsors. Pension funds are used to cover the years after retirement for beneficiaries who have opted into the fund.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>While retail investors also play an <strong>important role in market trading</strong>, there are numerous notable differences between the two investor types. For starters, retail investors aren&rsquo;t limited by tenets. They are able to make a decision on which portfolio they want to invest in.</p>\n<p>Individual, <strong>small-scale investors</strong> are able to concentrate on short-term investments that grant them faster gains. Institutional investors tend to be more goal-oriented and <strong>employ trading strategies</strong> that focus on long-term investments in large capital.</p>\n<p>Volatile markets can scare individual, small-cap investors from the market. Thus, retail investors are more likely to play safely in the field. Institutional investors are more likely to take advantage of the market swings to maximize their gains. The investment decisions are made based on information provided by side-sell analysts and financial experts.</p>\n<p>Unlike retail investors, institutional investors are able to trigger and manage greater market activities. They can acquire multiple assets, which is not a possibility for retail investors. Institutional investors garner a far more preferential market treatment and are not subject to the same strict regulations.</p>\n<p>Furthermore, it&rsquo;s easier for institutional investors to acquire foreign <a href=https://www.bitdegree.org/"/crypto/learn/crypto-terms/what-is-security/">securities and other assets.</p>","level":"hard","meta_title":"What is Institutional Investor? 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Crypto Terms: Letter I

What is Internal Transaction?

Internal Transaction MEANING:
Internal Transaction - a byproduct of an interaction between an Ethereum account and a contract address that results in an Ether transaction.
Medium
2 minutes

Let's find out Internal Transaction meaning, definition in crypto, what is Internal Transaction, and all other detailed facts.

An internal transaction, or a message, is a byproduct of a smart contract mechanism that is caused by an external transaction. An external transaction is transmitted from an Ethereum (ETH) account into a smart contract.

Smart contracts are blockchain-based protocols used to verify contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. They are developed to be self-executing and business-automated and act without the involvement of any third party or central authority.

In the Ethereum ecosystem, smart contracts act like computer programs that manage the ETH balance and perform crypto transactions. Transactions completed via smart contracts are traceable on the blockchain and cannot be reversed. They are sent to Ethereum accounts known as EOAs – externally owned accounts. Most EOAs are privately owned.

Smart contract interactions with Ethereum accounts automatically trigger preset procedures which cause byproducts known as internal transactions. A single interaction between an EOA and a smart contract can sometimes trigger hundreds of internal transactions. Such transactions are value transfers that take place during a token transfer or a smart contract activation.

Smart contracts are required for certain Ether and token transactions. Such transactions show up on the main ETH transaction history as internal transactions and are not publicly visible. Transactions act as an event that alters the state of the Ethereum chain, as they write new data into the blocks rather than processing it.

There are various triggers to a state change on the Ethereum blockchain. However, transactions are the most common. Transaction information is generally transparent, i.e., visible to the blockchain network, and developers can use address activity notifications to track crypto transfers and inform users about the executed transactions.

Unlike regular transactions, internal ones do not come with a cryptographic signature and are stored off-chain. Attempts to store internal transactions on-chain require more gas and are rarely executed. Internal transactions are used exclusively to transfer Ether, which has a direct effect on the balance of the wallet address. 

There is little information on internal transactions as they occur. Therefore, users may be unaware that their wallet or smart contract was involved in an internal transaction.

The process of tracing internal transactions is slow and CPU-intensive. It requires a lot of energy from the network nodes, which can lead to some of them breaking and impacting the overall node data.

The nodes also restrict the tracing process to a limited number of blocks, usually around 30 minutes worth of blocks. This means that users that wish to trace an internal transaction must act fast to collect relevant information about the internal transaction in question.

The traced results can require a massive amount of storage space, which complicates the retrieval process. Given the amount of time, processing power, and nodes required for the procedure, tracing an internal transaction is only possible for a limited number of blockchain users.